Thursday, 26 September 2024

Production value 📸📹

 


At its core, production value represents the aesthetic quality and appeal that viewers perceive in a film, influenced by a myriad of elements from stunning photography to intricate sound design. It's an asset that can significantly increase the cost and price of a film, but it's an expense worth investing in

The definition of production value
While we’ll get into all of the different elements of production value below, we should at least make sure we’re giving a proper definition of production value first.

In short, “production value” is a catch-all  covers all of the technical elements of video production, especially in regards to films. These production elements include everything from set design to lighting to costumes and props. That can seem like a lot, but it’s pretty much where the term stops. 


Why is production value important?
At its core, production value represents the aesthetic quality and appeal that viewers perceive in a film, influenced by a myriad of elements from stunning photography to intricate sound design. It's an asset that can significantly increase the cost and price of a film, but it's an expense worth investing In

In short, “production value” is a catch-all term which covers all of the technical elements of video production, especially in regards to films. These production elements include everything from set design to lighting to costumes and props. That can seem like a lot, but it’s pretty much where the term stops. 

It’s important to note that production value does not cover anything outside of these technical elements like writing, acting, directing, or editing and effects. So, if you’re talking about “production value” in a film that you’re watching, you should know which elements are relevant and which ones are not.

What are production values in film?

Now that a simple definition is out of the way, we can move on to all of the actual elements which could be considered production values. And trust us, there are a lot of things that can fall into this category. Still, the general rule of thumb to keep in mind is simply that these elements are technical as opposed to creative or performing arts.

Some common production value elements include:

  • Locations
  • Set design
  • Props and furniture
  • Lighting sources
  • Costumes and wardrobe
  • Hair and make-up
  • Practical effects used on set




There’s actually a bit of debate as to if any post-production elements should be considered part of production value. It’s worth mentioning that while basic editing decisions would be more of the creative variety, the fact that digital special effects are available (and can be discernibly lesser or greater) could mean that they are also a production value element.

Examples of high production value
This leads us to discuss the ways in which production value is usually talked about. As part of film criticism (or simply a conversation between two filmmakers deciding on their own budgets and ideas), production value is usually referred to as a “high” or “low.” 




As you can imagine, the difference between the two comes down to what you can see on screen and what we perceive to be the budget (covering everything from production costs to money spent) and intentionality behind these projects and technical decisions. 

To give you a better understanding, let’s quickly explore some examples of high production value (and higher budget) projects to see how they stand out.

 
 

These are clips from three of the most expensive movies ever made, so it’s no stretch to assume that these big budget motion picture examples include the highest production values. And you can obviously see it on the screen too, as there are a million examples of their astounding budgets at work crafting the highest quality sets, costumes, lights, and effects.

Examples of low production value
On the other end of the spectrum, we have examples of low production value (and small budget films) to explore. However, while you’d think this term might be synonymous with the budget and scope of a project, there’s actually two ways to approach using this phrase.

For one, low production value is simply a way to refer to movies with a low budget as well as obviously shoddy technical resources that are being used and that you can see on screen. These films sometimes become cult classics because of their flaws, but in general this use of low production value is meant as a slight, not a compliment.

Here’s a quick (and hilarious) example:
 

Yet, while many do think of low production value films as a joke worthy of ridicule, there is actually another way in which the term can be used. And that’s to describe projects which clearly don’t have big blockbuster budgets but still find creative ways to make use of limited resources and practical effects.

Yet, while many do think of low production value films as a joke worthy of ridicule, there is actually another way in which the term can be used. And that’s to describe projects which clearly don’t have big blockbuster budgets but still find creative ways to make use of limited resources and practical effects. 

In this sense, here are some low budget movie examples that make good use of low production value:


 

Tuesday, 24 September 2024

Short Video 📹📸😍🕌

 


The Taj Mahal is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Agra, India. Built between 1632 and 1653, it was commissioned by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who died during childbirth. 
The mausoleum is renowned for its stunning white marble architecture, which features intricate carvings and inlay work using semi-precious stones. The design reflects a blend of Persian, Islamic, and Indian architectural styles. 
Surrounded by beautiful gardens, reflecting pools, and other structures like the mosque and guest house, the Taj Mahal is often regarded as a symbol of love. It attracts millions of visitors each year and is considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the world.

          Short vedio 


A short video featuring the Taj Mahal in the evening could showcase its breathtaking beauty through various elements:

          🎦Colors

- Golden Hour Glow: Capture the warm hues of the setting sun, creating a golden sheen on the white marble.

- Sky Palette: Incorporate vibrant blues, pinks, and purples as the sun sets, enhancing the romantic atmosphere.

           🎦Background

- Reflection Pool: Show the reflection of the Taj Mahal in the water, adding depth.

- Surrounding Gardens: Include the lush greenery and pathways leading to the monument for context and framing.

            🎦Camera Angles

- Wide Shots: Start with wide-angle views to establish the grandeur of the Taj Mahal.

- Close-Ups: Focus on intricate marble inlays and carvings to highlight craftsmanship.

- Tracking Shots: Use smooth panning or moving shots to follow visitors or capture the monument from different perspectives.

                🎦Shorts

- Quick Cuts: Utilize quick cuts between different angles and elements to create a dynamic feel.

- Slow Motion: Incorporate slow-motion clips of visitors appreciating the monument or the water’s reflection to evoke emotion.


This combination creates a visually stunning and engaging short video that captures the essence of the Taj Mahal during the magical evening hours.

https://youtu.be/IB3oJ3yFrkU?si=jtnwLGVJJ2OLaPFy




Sunday, 22 September 2024

Code of ethics

 


What Is a Code of Ethics?

A code of ethics is a set of principles intended to guide professionals in conducting business with honesty and integrity. A code of ethics document may outline the organization’s mission and values, guide on addressing problems, establish ethical principles based on the organization’s core values, and define the standards to which professionals are held.

What Is the Purpose of a Code of Ethics?

          👉 Business ethics 

Business ethics refers to how ethical principles guide a business’s operations. Common issues that fall under the umbrella of business ethics include employer-employee relations, discrimination, environmental issues, bribery, insider trading, and social responsibility.

                👉  Professional ethics

A code of practice is adopted by a profession (or by a governmental or non-governmental organization) to regulate that profession. A code of practice may be styled as a code of professional responsibility, which will discuss difficult issues and difficult decisions that will often need to be made, and then provide a clear account of what behavior is considered "ethical" or "correct" or "right" in the circumstances. In a membership context, failure to comply with a code of practice can result in expulsion from the professional organization. In its 2007 International Good Practice Guidance, Defining and Developing an Effective Code of Conduct for Organizations, the International Federation of Accountants provided the following working definition: "Principles, values, standards, or rules of behavior that guide the decisions, procedures and systems of an organization in a way that (a) contributes to the welfare of its key stakeholders, and (b) respects the rights of all constituents affected by its operations.


A code of ethics is a critical framework that delineates the ethical principles and standards guiding the behavior of individuals and organizations. It serves not only as a roadmap for decision-making but also as a commitment to uphold integrity, accountability, and professionalism. At its core, a code of ethics encesponsibility. These values form the foundation upon which ethical behavior is built and provide a common language for all members of the organization. The document typically includes specific standards of conduct that outline acceptable and unacceptable behaviors, addressing key issues like conflicts of interest, confidentiality, harassment, and compliance with laws and regulations. This clarity helps employees understand their responsibilities and the expectations placed upon them in various situations. Additionally, a well-structured code of ethics delineates the responsibilities of various stakeholders, including employees, management, and board members, ensuring that everyone understands their role in fostering an ethical workplace culture. Importantly, it often incorporates mechanisms for reporting unethical behavior, providing safe and confidential channels through which employees can voice concerns without fear of retaliation. This aspect is crucial for cultivating an environment where ethical issues can be openly discussed and resolved. Furthermore, the code typically outlines enforcement procedures and potential consequences for violations, reinforcing the organization’s commitment to accountability and ethical standards. By establishing these guidelines, organizations not only protect their reputation but also promote trust among employees, clients, and the public. A robust code of ethics can enhance organizational culture, drive employee engagement, and ultimately contribute to long-term success by aligning everyday practices with the organization’s values. In today’s complex business environment, having a well-defined code of ethics is indispensable for navigating ethical dilemmas and fostering a culture of integrity. It empowers individuals to make informed choices and encourages organizations to act responsibly, ensuring that their operations reflect their ethical commitments. Overall, a code of ethics is more than just a document; it is a vital tool for promoting ethical behavior and creating a positive organizational environment.

A code of ethics is a set of principles and guidelines designed to help professionals conduct their business honestly and with integrity. It outlines the values, responsibilities, and standards of behavior expected within an organization or profession. Key elements typically include:


1. Integrity: Commitment to honesty and transparency.

2. Accountability: Taking responsibility for actions and decisions.

3. Respect: Valuing the rights and dignity of all individuals.

4. Fairness: Ensuring equitable treatment and justice.

5. Confidentiality: Protecting sensitive information.

6. Compliance: Adhering to laws and regulations.

A code of ethics serves to guide decision-making, promote a positive organizational culture, and build trust among stakeholders.



Saturday, 21 September 2024

🍂🌾Viyali teledrama

 VIYALI🍁🍃


Telecast Schedule: Catch Viyali every weekend on Rupavahini! Main Cast: Akalanka Prabhashwara Tharindi Fernando Madhanee Malwaththa Sarath Kothalawala Nimmi Manohari Sanath Wimalasiri

"Viyali" is a Sinhala teledrama that weaves complex themes of love, betrayal, and social issues into its narrative. Here’s a detailed analysis of its various elements:

🍂🎥Themes

1. Love and Betrayal: Central to the plot, these themes explore the intricacies of relationships, often highlighting the consequences of deceit.

2. Social Issues: The drama addresses societal norms and challenges, such as family dynamics and class disparities.

3. Redemption: Many characters seek forgiveness and redemption, adding depth to their arcs.

🍂🎥Background

The setting often reflects a blend of urban and rural environments, emphasizing the characters' socio-economic backgrounds and enhancing the story's relatability.

🍂🎥Colors

The color palette typically includes warm tones during intimate scenes to evoke emotions and cooler tones during conflicts to enhance tension. The use of contrasting colors helps signify the characters' internal struggles.

🍂🎥Camera Angles and Shots

1. Close-ups: Frequently used to capture emotional nuances, especially during pivotal dialogues.

2. Wide shots: Establish the setting and context, often used in scenes depicting family gatherings or societal interactions.

3. Over-the-shoulder shots: Common in dialogues, creating a sense of intimacy and involvement for the audience.

🍂🎥Special Scenes

Climactic moments often employ slow motion or dramatic music to heighten emotional impact. Flashbacks are used to provide background and context for character motivations.

🍂🎥Dialogues

The dialogue is rich and layered, often reflecting cultural nuances. It balances between poetic expressions of love and stark confrontations, making it engaging and relatable.

🍂🎥Lighting

Lighting is strategically used to set the mood; softer lighting during romantic scenes contrasts with harsher lighting during confrontational moments, helping to guide the audience's emotional responses.

🍂🎥Actress Acting

The performances are generally nuanced, with actors portraying a range of emotions effectively. The lead actresses often demonstrate strong character arcs, showcasing vulnerability and strength, which resonate well with viewers.


Conclusion

"Viyali" skillfully combines these elements to create a compelling narrative that resonates with audiences. Its thoughtful execution in themes, cinematography, and performances makes it a significant piece in Sinhala television.


Teledrama themes song



Thursday, 19 September 2024

කොඩි ගහ යට ටෙලිනාට්‍ය

 


👉

Kodi gaha yata' is not just a TV series; it's a thought-provoking exploration of human choices, consequences, and the power dynamics that shape our lives. It leaves you pondering long after the credits roll, forcing you to question your own beliefs and perceptions.

Jagath Manuwarna’s debut teledrama direction Kodi Gaha Yata concluded last Sunday (19). The drama was a powerful production, telecast on a local TV channel but also drawing a significant audience on YouTube and social media. Its content was daring, addressing both mature and young adult audiences simultaneously. It sparked extensive discussions in society, touching upon contemporary social, political, sexual, and psychological issues. The humane approach of the creators allowed audiences to engage without judgement, empathising with the characters’ experiences.




 👉   Kalu, Shani, and the issues of the LGBTQI+ community 

Nalin Lusena’s portrayal of Kalu was particularly impressive, adding vibrancy to the drama. The drama deviated from the typical representation of LGBTQIA+ individuals in local productions, where they are often limited to comedic roles that ridicule their sexuality. Kalu represented a pivotal figure in the LGBTQIA+ community as a non-binary person, addressing the challenges faced throughout their life journey.

Misunderstood by their mother, unable to connect with siblings, and facing rejection in childhood friendships, Kalu’s character shed light on the struggles encountered by many non-binary individuals in Sri Lanka. A poignant moment occurred during a visit to their mother, afflicted with dementia, where Kal expressed the pain of being misunderstood by one’s own parent – a significant struggle in a society where awareness of gender identities remains limited, and non-binary identities are not widely accepted.

Under Manuwarna’s direction, Kalu’s character attempted to challenge this perception. In an episode where Kalu’s co-worker, Shani – a transgender individual – faced harassment from a man seeking sexual favours, Kalu ishows ned. A powerful dialogue ensued, striking a chord with the audience. When the offender insulted Kalu using a typical Sinhala slur aimed at non-binary individuals, Kalu confidently affirmed. “Yes, I am such.” Then, they posed a moving question, “But do you call yourselves men? Try to embody humanity before claiming manhood.” This dialogue highlights several critical aspects – the need for respect towards the LGBTQIA+ community as deserving of equal dignity, highlighting societal constructs that unjustly look down upon non-binary individuals without valid grounds, and the broader confusion within society about what defines genuine human qualities.














👉 The portrayal of Shani by transgender

The portrayal of Shani by transgender actress Reena de Silva ignited conversations about transgender experiences. Her exceptional acting, especially in non-verbal communication, resonated deeply within the drama. Manuwarna deserves acknowledgement for fostering a non-judgmental dialogue on the sensitive aspects of the LGBTQIA+ community.

Transgender actress Reena de Silva sparked widespread discussions through her portrayal of Shani in the drama, making her journey as a transgender individual more accessible to the general audience. Her performance not only captivated audiences but also allowed them to explore the genuine experiences of a transgender person. This exposure extended beyond the drama, resonating across mainstream and social media platforms that explored her personal journey. De Silva’s commendable acting skills, particularly in her use of non-verbal communication throughout the series, added depth to her character.

👉 Asela, the good apple turned bad

Examining the character of Asela, portrayed by Xavier Kanishka, reveals another cross-section of the country; the lost youth arriving in Colombo from rural areas, dreaming of better lives but trapped by the cruelties of the urban world. His character evolves from a helpful, innocent mechanic in the apparel sector to becoming “Juki Asela,” portrayed by the media as an underworld thug. The drama meticulously portrays the transformation of his character and highlights how the society he encounters is culpable for this change.

Initially an innocent mechanic, he eventually falls victim to circumstances and is falsely implicated in a robbery after pointing out a mistake in the factory machinery to his manager (played by M. Safeer). Subsequently jailed following this incident, Asela encounters various personalities labelled as criminals in remand prison. He unwittingly becomes entangled in actual criminal activities, representing aimless youth without proper guidance, forced into unfortunate circumstances for mere survival.

The drama sheds light on the creation of underworld criminals through Asela’s character, emphasising that a thug is not always inherently born as one. Similar to the parrot that fell among thugs in the Sattigumba Jatakaya, Asela’s prison experience fundamentally alters his life, seemingly granting him licence to resort to unlawful means of solving personal problems. This portrayal meticulously explores the unseen narrative behind the making of a criminal and raises the question: Are thugs not born but made?

👉  Mahesh’s complex naturea

Mahesh, portrayed by Jagath Manuwarna himself, may be the most complex character in the drama. He embodies childhood trauma, having been abandoned by a mother seeking a better life, while being left with a father who hopelessly awaited Mahesh’s success, hoping it would bring his mother back to improved circumstances. Mahesh’s aggressive job as an undertaker for a vehicle leasing company, tasked with repossessing vehicles, juxtaposes his aggressive nature with a compassionate and understanding demeanour, particularly in family matters. Additionally, subtle hints of mental health issues surface as he grapples with hallucinations of his deceased father, making his character enigmatic and difficult to comprehend. Towards the shows conclusion, it evolves into a battle within his own conscience, revealing that engaging in criminal activities doesn’t mean he’s willing to descend into every degrading task presented to him.

His imprisonment following a murder, initially forced upon him, calls into question his inherent criminal nature. It’s uncertain whether he possesses a predisposition for such actions or if his environment nurtured these tendencies, despite his mother’s strong desire to remove him from that environment. Undoubtedly, he emerges as the most intricate and challenging character to understand throughout the drama, yet undeniably crucial to its essence.

👉 Is Jeevani wrong?

Nadeesha Hemamali’s portrayal of Jeevani sheds light on an issue rarely openly discussed in society. Jeevani left behind a more comfortable life to marry Mahesh and adapt to a different lifestyle. Her youthfulness and beauty sometimes become problematic, especially when she’s alone with her child while Mahesh is incarcerated. In Mahesh’s absence, his friend Piyal, a young tuk-tuk driver portrayed by Randika Goonathilaka, is entrusted with caring for Jeevani and the child. However, this arrangement leads to an intimate relationship between Piyal and Jeevani. While society heavily criticises a married woman succumbing to adultery, the drama adeptly explores the dire needs for security and fulfilment of young women left behind by their husbands due to various circumstances.

   👉Piyal and his family

Piyal’s mother’s strong reaction to the relationship between Piyal and Jeevani vividly portrays the disappointments and concerns of a single mother, played by Dilhani Ekanayaka, who dedicated her life to her children’s survival without seeking solace from another man, despite her husband’s inability to commit to a faithful relationship. Both Dilhani Ekanayaka and Randika Goonathilka delivered brilliant performances, significantly enhancing the drama’s quality. Piyal’s sister, portrayed by Tharindi Fernando, and Piyal himself contribute to discussions about the struggles faced by Sri Lankan youth; gaps in education, relationship choices, lack of guidance, financial difficulties, job insecurity, and social recognition issues prevalent among the lower and lower-middle economic classes. This portrayal sensitively depicts family dynamics and the hardships encountered by this demographic.

👉 Politics and religious extremism

The central plot of the story delves into a significant political and societal issue; the involvement of religious leaders in the country’s political decisions, sometimes unnecessarily, altering the interpretation of reported issues. This discussion is imperative as the country has a history of crucial incidents being misinterpreted or diverted due to the involvement of various parties. It sheds light on the ongoing challenges faced when religious influence impacts political matters, a pertinent issue requiring attention and discourse within society.

In conclusion, Jagath Manuwarna’s Kodi Gaha Yata emerged as a successful narrative that seamlessly blended entertainment with substance. The drama not only captivated audiences but also introduced songs that resonated with the storyline, aside from the theme songs. Particularly, Salli by Sarith and Surith, and Kanaththa Para by Arjumaan quickly gained popularity, becoming instant hits. This phenomenon underscores the Sri Lankan drama audience’s eagerness to embrace quality content.

However, despite being incurable, the world has progressed to a stage where medication plays a crucial role in controlling HIV. Given the drama’s success in delivering impactful messages, it could have explored this aspect as well. The depiction of Kalu’s potential HIV infection could have been an opportunity to shed light on the advancements in HIV treatment and management.



"කොඩි ගහ යට". 

Teledrama Analysis

Themes

1. Family Dynamics: The teledrama explores complex relationships within families, highlighting love, betrayal, and loyalty.

2. Social Issues: It addresses themes like class disparity and gender roles, reflecting societal norms and struggles.

3. Tradition vs. Modernity: The conflict between traditional values and contemporary lifestyles is a recurring motif.

Background

The narrative is set in a rural Sri Lankan village, emphasizing cultural and social nuances. The use of local customs and traditions adds authenticity to the storyline.

Colours

The colour palette often features earthy tones—greens, browns, and yellows—symbolizing the natural environment and traditional lifestyles. Bright colours might be used in festival scenes to highlight joy and celebration.


Camera Angles and Shots

1. Close-ups: Used to capture emotions, especially during intense dialogue, allowing viewers to connect with characters.

2. Wide shots: Establish the setting, showcasing the village and its surroundings, emphasizing community life.

3. Over-the-shoulder shots: Create intimacy in conversations, drawing viewers into character interactions.





 Special Scenes

1. Climactic Confrontations: These scenes are often filled with tension and heightened emotions, showcasing character development.

2. Cultural Celebrations: Festivals or traditional rituals are depicted with vibrant visuals, highlighting the richness of Sri Lankan culture.




Dialogues

The dialogues blend colloquial Sinhala with proverbs and idiomatic expressions, reflecting the characters' backgrounds. Emotional exchanges often carry deeper meanings, resonating with viewers.

Lighting

Lighting varies to reflect mood—soft, warm lighting during happy scenes, and harsh, dim lighting during conflicts, enhancing the emotional tone.

Actress Acting

The performances are typically nuanced, with actors conveying a range of emotions effectively. The lead actresses often embody resilience and vulnerability, making their characters relatable and engaging.

Conclusion

"කොඩි ගහ යට" effectively uses thematic depth, visual storytelling, and strong performances to create a compelling narrative that resonates with its audience, making it a significant contribution to Sinhala teledrama.

Overall, the year 2023 proved to be a significant period for Sri Lankan dramas, showcasing several genuinely compelling and promising shows. This surge of commendable productions demonstrates the evolving landscape and growing potential within the Sri Lankan drama industry.


          Themes song 


Teledrama song


Episode 01



Wednesday, 18 September 2024

Koombiyo teledrama


 Koombiyo (English: Ants, සිංහල: 'කූඹියෝ') is a 2017 Sri Lankan crime political thriller series created by Lakmal Darmarathna and Damitha Chandrasiri. The show premiered on ITN on 26 August 2017 with 30 minutes episodes airing on Saturday and Sunday at 08:00 pm weekly.[1] The final episode aired on 17 March 2018.


Analyzing the themes and elements of the Sinhala teledrama "Kubiyo" involves examining various components that contribute to its overall impact. Here’s a breakdown of key aspects:

                           Themes

- Social Issues: Explores themes of family, betrayal, love, and societal expectations.

- Tradition vs. Modernity: Highlights conflicts between traditional values and contemporary lifestyles.

                       Background


- Cultural Context: Set against a backdrop of Sri Lankan culture, the drama reflects local customs and social dynamics.

- Setting: Locations often range from rural landscapes to urban environments, enhancing the narrative's relatability.

                          Colors





- Symbolic Use: Color palettes are strategically used to evoke emotions; warm tones might represent love or nostalgia, while cooler shades can indicate tension or sadness.

- Costume Colors: Reflect characters' personalities and societal roles, with traditional attire often symbolizing cultural heritage.


                     Camera Angles




- Close-ups: Emphasize emotional intensity, allowing viewers to connect with characters' feelings.

- Wide Shots: Establish setting and context, showing relationships between characters and their environments.

                                  Shots


- Dynamic Framing: Use of varied shot sizes keeps the visual storytelling engaging and can indicate shifts in mood or perspective.

- Action Sequences: Quick cuts and angles during tense scenes enhance drama and urgency.

                        Special Scenes

- Climactic Moments: Pivotal scenes are often crafted with heightened emotion, using music and pacing to build tension.

- Cultural Rituals: Include significant traditional ceremonies, enriching the narrative with cultural authenticity.

                          Dialogues

- Naturalistic: Conversations reflect everyday language, making characters relatable and situations believable.

- Symbolic Lines: Some dialogues carry deeper meanings, often linked to the central themes of the drama.

                           Lighting



- Mood Setting: Lighting is used to create atmosphere; bright lights may indicate happiness, while shadows can convey mystery or tension.

- Natural vs. Artificial: Natural lighting is often used in outdoor scenes, while dramatic lighting can enhance indoor settings.

              Actors and Actresses





- Character Depth: Strong performances that convey complex emotions are crucial for audience connection.

- Casting Choices: Actors are often chosen for their ability to embody the cultural and emotional essence of their roles.

                       Makeup

- Authenticity: Makeup is typically understated, reflecting realistic portrayals aligned with character backgrounds.

- Character Transformation: In some cases, makeup evolves to show character development throughout the series.

                     Dress Code

- Cultural Representation: Costumes reflect Sri Lankan cultural attire, with traditional garments highlighting heritage.

- Character Significance: The dress code often signifies a character's status, personality, and evolution throughout the story.

Conclusion

"Kubiyo" intertwines these elements to create a compelling narrative that resonates with its audience. Each component—from themes to visual aesthetics—works in harmony to enhance storytelling, making it a poignant reflection of contemporary Sri Lankan life.




Gender & society

 Gender and Society  Introduction Gender and society are intricately linked, with gender roles and expectations shaping individual experienc...